{
  "better_direction": null,
  "coverage": {
    "end": "2025-12-31",
    "start": "1990-01-01"
  },
  "description": "How expensive each country is for households compared with the United States (US = 100): the purchasing power parity for household consumption divided by the market exchange rate. Above 100 means the same basket of goods and services costs more than in the US at market exchange rates.",
  "id": "price-levels-international",
  "issues": [],
  "kind": "index",
  "limitations": [
    "Moves with exchange rates: a falling NZ dollar makes NZ look cheaper to foreigners without changing prices for New Zealanders.",
    "Compares the average consumption basket; housing, food and fuel can differ more or less than the average.",
    "Singapore covers 2017–2021 only in the OECD table."
  ],
  "provenance": {
    "adapter": "derive:ratio",
    "formula": "Price level (US = 100) = PPP for actual individual consumption (local currency per US$) ÷ average market exchange rate (local currency per US$) × 100",
    "inputs": [
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "NZL.A.S1.S1.PPP_P41.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "NZL.A.S1.S1.EXC_A.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "AUS.A.S1.S1.PPP_P41.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "AUS.A.S1.S1.EXC_A.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "GBR.A.S1.S1.PPP_P41.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "GBR.A.S1.S1.EXC_A.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "CAN.A.S1.S1.PPP_P41.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "CAN.A.S1.S1.EXC_A.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "SGP.A.S1.S1.PPP_P41.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      },
      {
        "content_hash": "cb46c176adf5c346425a45c5a918535aa65feedd701f6bbde9f64cac9b201784",
        "dataset": "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
        "series": "SGP.A.S1.S1.EXC_A.F21.XDC_USD.N.T001",
        "source": "OECD \u2014 Purchasing power parities and exchange rates"
      }
    ],
    "origin": "calculated",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-10T22:56:46.143Z",
    "sha256": "2ceb8c9326eb4aa4e160666a4b4d63755e27e7fa7d36e70b70f8200221468f85",
    "snapshot": ""
  },
  "related": [
    "ppp-and-exchange-rates",
    "household-income-ppp-international"
  ],
  "series": [
    {
      "attributes": {
        "COUNTERPART_SECTOR": "S1",
        "FREQ": "A",
        "INSTR_ASSET": "F21",
        "SECTOR": "S1",
        "TABLE_IDENTIFIER": "T001",
        "TRANSACTION": "PPP_P41",
        "TRANSFORMATION": "N",
        "UNIT_MEASURE": "XDC_USD",
        "country": "New Zealand",
        "country_code": "NZL"
      },
      "frequency": "annual",
      "id": "price-level.NZL",
      "notes": [],
      "observations": [
        {
          "end": "1990-12-31",
          "label": "1990",
          "period": "1990-12-31",
          "start": "1990-01-01",
          "value": 87.4406620201
        },
        {
          "end": "1991-12-31",
          "label": "1991",
          "period": "1991-12-31",
          "start": "1991-01-01",
          "value": 83.3509853396
        },
        {
          "end": "1992-12-31",
          "label": "1992",
          "period": "1992-12-31",
          "start": "1992-01-01",
          "value": 76.8005770784
        },
        {
          "end": "1993-12-31",
          "label": "1993",
          "period": "1993-12-31",
          "start": "1993-01-01",
          "value": 75.7502919461
        },
        {
          "end": "1994-12-31",
          "label": "1994",
          "period": "1994-12-31",
          "start": "1994-01-01",
          "value": 82.650270794
        },
        {
          "end": "1995-12-31",
          "label": "1995",
          "period": "1995-12-31",
          "start": "1995-01-01",
          "value": 91.5079760374
        },
        {
          "end": "1996-12-31",
          "label": "1996",
          "period": "1996-12-31",
          "start": "1996-01-01",
          "value": 95.7130229412
        },
        {
          "end": "1997-12-31",
          "label": "1997",
          "period": "1997-12-31",
          "start": "1997-01-01",
          "value": 91.7127572283
        },
        {
          "end": "1998-12-31",
          "label": "1998",
          "period": "1998-12-31",
          "start": "1998-01-01",
          "value": 75.1797538765
        },
        {
          "end": "1999-12-31",
          "label": "1999",
          "period": "1999-12-31",
          "start": "1999-01-01",
          "value": 73.8318513728
        },
        {
          "end": "2000-12-31",
          "label": "2000",
          "period": "2000-12-31",
          "start": "2000-01-01",
          "value": 63.5270033969
        },
        {
          "end": "2001-12-31",
          "label": "2001",
          "period": "2001-12-31",
          "start": "2001-01-01",
          "value": 58.6918513119
        },
        {
          "end": "2002-12-31",
          "label": "2002",
          "period": "2002-12-31",
          "start": "2002-01-01",
          "value": 65.1212126958
        },
        {
          "end": "2003-12-31",
          "label": "2003",
          "period": "2003-12-31",
          "start": "2003-01-01",
          "value": 83.8757818221
        },
        {
          "end": "2004-12-31",
          "label": "2004",
          "period": "2004-12-31",
          "start": "2004-01-01",
          "value": 95.3106057543
        },
        {
          "end": "2005-12-31",
          "label": "2005",
          "period": "2005-12-31",
          "start": "2005-01-01",
          "value": 104.62749063
        },
        {
          "end": "2006-12-31",
          "label": "2006",
          "period": "2006-12-31",
          "start": "2006-01-01",
          "value": 94.4557136706
        },
        {
          "end": "2007-12-31",
          "label": "2007",
          "period": "2007-12-31",
          "start": "2007-01-01",
          "value": 106.556451761
        },
        {
          "end": "2008-12-31",
          "label": "2008",
          "period": "2008-12-31",
          "start": "2008-01-01",
          "value": 100.765009731
        },
        {
          "end": "2009-12-31",
          "label": "2009",
          "period": "2009-12-31",
          "start": "2009-01-01",
          "value": 92.1135102822
        },
        {
          "end": "2010-12-31",
          "label": "2010",
          "period": "2010-12-31",
          "start": "2010-01-01",
          "value": 106.229635533
        },
        {
          "end": "2011-12-31",
          "label": "2011",
          "period": "2011-12-31",
          "start": "2011-01-01",
          "value": 116.669629194
        },
        {
          "end": "2012-12-31",
          "label": "2012",
          "period": "2012-12-31",
          "start": "2012-01-01",
          "value": 119.075431586
        },
        {
          "end": "2013-12-31",
          "label": "2013",
          "period": "2013-12-31",
          "start": "2013-01-01",
          "value": 118.724987863
        },
        {
          "end": "2014-12-31",
          "label": "2014",
          "period": "2014-12-31",
          "start": "2014-01-01",
          "value": 120.045908815
        },
        {
          "end": "2015-12-31",
          "label": "2015",
          "period": "2015-12-31",
          "start": "2015-01-01",
          "value": 102.443557245
        },
        {
          "end": "2016-12-31",
          "label": "2016",
          "period": "2016-12-31",
          "start": "2016-01-01",
          "value": 99.2045387306
        },
        {
          "end": "2017-12-31",
          "label": "2017",
          "period": "2017-12-31",
          "start": "2017-01-01",
          "value": 100.175357821
        },
        {
          "end": "2018-12-31",
          "label": "2018",
          "period": "2018-12-31",
          "start": "2018-01-01",
          "value": 99.8650068016
        },
        {
          "end": "2019-12-31",
          "label": "2019",
          "period": "2019-12-31",
          "start": "2019-01-01",
          "value": 92.2566087458
        },
        {
          "end": "2020-12-31",
          "label": "2020",
          "period": "2020-12-31",
          "start": "2020-01-01",
          "value": 89.2738146036
        },
        {
          "end": "2021-12-31",
          "label": "2021",
          "period": "2021-12-31",
          "start": "2021-01-01",
          "value": 97.972273306
        },
        {
          "end": "2022-12-31",
          "label": "2022",
          "period": "2022-12-31",
          "start": "2022-01-01",
          "value": 84.2548391658
        },
        {
          "end": "2023-12-31",
          "label": "2023",
          "period": "2023-12-31",
          "start": "2023-01-01",
          "value": 82.0453773658
        },
        {
          "end": "2024-12-31",
          "label": "2024",
          "period": "2024-12-31",
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "value": 81.5856970976
        },
        {
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "label": "2025",
          "period": "2025-12-31",
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "value": 79.3984447488
        }
      ],
      "period_convention": "Years as labelled by the OECD (usually calendar years; some countries report financial years)",
      "source_label": "Total economy | Total economy | Purchasing Power Parities for actual individual consumption | Currency | National currency per US dollar | Non transformed data | Table 001 - Exchange rates and PPPs",
      "title": "New Zealand",
      "unit": "index"
    },
    {
      "attributes": {
        "COUNTERPART_SECTOR": "S1",
        "FREQ": "A",
        "INSTR_ASSET": "F21",
        "SECTOR": "S1",
        "TABLE_IDENTIFIER": "T001",
        "TRANSACTION": "PPP_P41",
        "TRANSFORMATION": "N",
        "UNIT_MEASURE": "XDC_USD",
        "country": "Australia",
        "country_code": "AUS"
      },
      "frequency": "annual",
      "id": "price-level.AUS",
      "notes": [],
      "observations": [
        {
          "end": "1990-12-31",
          "label": "1990",
          "period": "1990-12-31",
          "start": "1990-01-01",
          "value": 105.470638699
        },
        {
          "end": "1991-12-31",
          "label": "1991",
          "period": "1991-12-31",
          "start": "1991-01-01",
          "value": 104.606015473
        },
        {
          "end": "1992-12-31",
          "label": "1992",
          "period": "1992-12-31",
          "start": "1992-01-01",
          "value": 97.6739950413
        },
        {
          "end": "1993-12-31",
          "label": "1993",
          "period": "1993-12-31",
          "start": "1993-01-01",
          "value": 89.7266347514
        },
        {
          "end": "1994-12-31",
          "label": "1994",
          "period": "1994-12-31",
          "start": "1994-01-01",
          "value": 96.2047185489
        },
        {
          "end": "1995-12-31",
          "label": "1995",
          "period": "1995-12-31",
          "start": "1995-01-01",
          "value": 98.0181359537
        },
        {
          "end": "1996-12-31",
          "label": "1996",
          "period": "1996-12-31",
          "start": "1996-01-01",
          "value": 102.750764362
        },
        {
          "end": "1997-12-31",
          "label": "1997",
          "period": "1997-12-31",
          "start": "1997-01-01",
          "value": 97.1056420609
        },
        {
          "end": "1998-12-31",
          "label": "1998",
          "period": "1998-12-31",
          "start": "1998-01-01",
          "value": 82.4986744799
        },
        {
          "end": "1999-12-31",
          "label": "1999",
          "period": "1999-12-31",
          "start": "1999-01-01",
          "value": 84.9424174973
        },
        {
          "end": "2000-12-31",
          "label": "2000",
          "period": "2000-12-31",
          "start": "2000-01-01",
          "value": 76.0611933835
        },
        {
          "end": "2001-12-31",
          "label": "2001",
          "period": "2001-12-31",
          "start": "2001-01-01",
          "value": 68.0653631889
        },
        {
          "end": "2002-12-31",
          "label": "2002",
          "period": "2002-12-31",
          "start": "2002-01-01",
          "value": 71.0160967052
        },
        {
          "end": "2003-12-31",
          "label": "2003",
          "period": "2003-12-31",
          "start": "2003-01-01",
          "value": 86.728896683
        },
        {
          "end": "2004-12-31",
          "label": "2004",
          "period": "2004-12-31",
          "start": "2004-01-01",
          "value": 97.8715236308
        },
        {
          "end": "2005-12-31",
          "label": "2005",
          "period": "2005-12-31",
          "start": "2005-01-01",
          "value": 104.905332145
        },
        {
          "end": "2006-12-31",
          "label": "2006",
          "period": "2006-12-31",
          "start": "2006-01-01",
          "value": 106.626866661
        },
        {
          "end": "2007-12-31",
          "label": "2007",
          "period": "2007-12-31",
          "start": "2007-01-01",
          "value": 119.261166473
        },
        {
          "end": "2008-12-31",
          "label": "2008",
          "period": "2008-12-31",
          "start": "2008-01-01",
          "value": 122.584463058
        },
        {
          "end": "2009-12-31",
          "label": "2009",
          "period": "2009-12-31",
          "start": "2009-01-01",
          "value": 117.313984132
        },
        {
          "end": "2010-12-31",
          "label": "2010",
          "period": "2010-12-31",
          "start": "2010-01-01",
          "value": 138.40100389
        },
        {
          "end": "2011-12-31",
          "label": "2011",
          "period": "2011-12-31",
          "start": "2011-01-01",
          "value": 155.250071431
        },
        {
          "end": "2012-12-31",
          "label": "2012",
          "period": "2012-12-31",
          "start": "2012-01-01",
          "value": 157.50470335
        },
        {
          "end": "2013-12-31",
          "label": "2013",
          "period": "2013-12-31",
          "start": "2013-01-01",
          "value": 142.839020971
        },
        {
          "end": "2014-12-31",
          "label": "2014",
          "period": "2014-12-31",
          "start": "2014-01-01",
          "value": 134.520260726
        },
        {
          "end": "2015-12-31",
          "label": "2015",
          "period": "2015-12-31",
          "start": "2015-01-01",
          "value": 111.468645997
        },
        {
          "end": "2016-12-31",
          "label": "2016",
          "period": "2016-12-31",
          "start": "2016-01-01",
          "value": 108.292955619
        },
        {
          "end": "2017-12-31",
          "label": "2017",
          "period": "2017-12-31",
          "start": "2017-01-01",
          "value": 114.543769803
        },
        {
          "end": "2018-12-31",
          "label": "2018",
          "period": "2018-12-31",
          "start": "2018-01-01",
          "value": 112.894833579
        },
        {
          "end": "2019-12-31",
          "label": "2019",
          "period": "2019-12-31",
          "start": "2019-01-01",
          "value": 106.049466565
        },
        {
          "end": "2020-12-31",
          "label": "2020",
          "period": "2020-12-31",
          "start": "2020-01-01",
          "value": 102.937818503
        },
        {
          "end": "2021-12-31",
          "label": "2021",
          "period": "2021-12-31",
          "start": "2021-01-01",
          "value": 109.49201637
        },
        {
          "end": "2022-12-31",
          "label": "2022",
          "period": "2022-12-31",
          "start": "2022-01-01",
          "value": 97.9681812128
        },
        {
          "end": "2023-12-31",
          "label": "2023",
          "period": "2023-12-31",
          "start": "2023-01-01",
          "value": 91.3674078572
        },
        {
          "end": "2024-12-31",
          "label": "2024",
          "period": "2024-12-31",
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "value": 92.6856228033
        },
        {
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "label": "2025",
          "period": "2025-12-31",
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "value": 92.6378126776
        }
      ],
      "period_convention": "Years as labelled by the OECD (usually calendar years; some countries report financial years)",
      "source_label": "Total economy | Total economy | Purchasing Power Parities for actual individual consumption | Currency | National currency per US dollar | Non transformed data | Table 001 - Exchange rates and PPPs",
      "title": "Australia",
      "unit": "index"
    },
    {
      "attributes": {
        "COUNTERPART_SECTOR": "S1",
        "FREQ": "A",
        "INSTR_ASSET": "F21",
        "SECTOR": "S1",
        "TABLE_IDENTIFIER": "T001",
        "TRANSACTION": "PPP_P41",
        "TRANSFORMATION": "N",
        "UNIT_MEASURE": "XDC_USD",
        "country": "United Kingdom",
        "country_code": "GBR"
      },
      "frequency": "annual",
      "id": "price-level.GBR",
      "notes": [],
      "observations": [
        {
          "end": "1990-12-31",
          "label": "1990",
          "period": "1990-12-31",
          "start": "1990-01-01",
          "value": 124.208019859
        },
        {
          "end": "1991-12-31",
          "label": "1991",
          "period": "1991-12-31",
          "start": "1991-01-01",
          "value": 129.493576008
        },
        {
          "end": "1992-12-31",
          "label": "1992",
          "period": "1992-12-31",
          "start": "1992-01-01",
          "value": 130.628284197
        },
        {
          "end": "1993-12-31",
          "label": "1993",
          "period": "1993-12-31",
          "start": "1993-01-01",
          "value": 110.868427328
        },
        {
          "end": "1994-12-31",
          "label": "1994",
          "period": "1994-12-31",
          "start": "1994-01-01",
          "value": 113.160613198
        },
        {
          "end": "1995-12-31",
          "label": "1995",
          "period": "1995-12-31",
          "start": "1995-01-01",
          "value": 117.790073035
        },
        {
          "end": "1996-12-31",
          "label": "1996",
          "period": "1996-12-31",
          "start": "1996-01-01",
          "value": 115.600398154
        },
        {
          "end": "1997-12-31",
          "label": "1997",
          "period": "1997-12-31",
          "start": "1997-01-01",
          "value": 121.556686246
        },
        {
          "end": "1998-12-31",
          "label": "1998",
          "period": "1998-12-31",
          "start": "1998-01-01",
          "value": 125.769760725
        },
        {
          "end": "1999-12-31",
          "label": "1999",
          "period": "1999-12-31",
          "start": "1999-01-01",
          "value": 122.576558473
        },
        {
          "end": "2000-12-31",
          "label": "2000",
          "period": "2000-12-31",
          "start": "2000-01-01",
          "value": 106.962754055
        },
        {
          "end": "2001-12-31",
          "label": "2001",
          "period": "2001-12-31",
          "start": "2001-01-01",
          "value": 99.4359790112
        },
        {
          "end": "2002-12-31",
          "label": "2002",
          "period": "2002-12-31",
          "start": "2002-01-01",
          "value": 101.17816682
        },
        {
          "end": "2003-12-31",
          "label": "2003",
          "period": "2003-12-31",
          "start": "2003-01-01",
          "value": 112.840913544
        },
        {
          "end": "2004-12-31",
          "label": "2004",
          "period": "2004-12-31",
          "start": "2004-01-01",
          "value": 123.497564905
        },
        {
          "end": "2005-12-31",
          "label": "2005",
          "period": "2005-12-31",
          "start": "2005-01-01",
          "value": 129.363561322
        },
        {
          "end": "2006-12-31",
          "label": "2006",
          "period": "2006-12-31",
          "start": "2006-01-01",
          "value": 130.59263607
        },
        {
          "end": "2007-12-31",
          "label": "2007",
          "period": "2007-12-31",
          "start": "2007-01-01",
          "value": 144.21936403
        },
        {
          "end": "2008-12-31",
          "label": "2008",
          "period": "2008-12-31",
          "start": "2008-01-01",
          "value": 133.712033473
        },
        {
          "end": "2009-12-31",
          "label": "2009",
          "period": "2009-12-31",
          "start": "2009-01-01",
          "value": 117.12054013
        },
        {
          "end": "2010-12-31",
          "label": "2010",
          "period": "2010-12-31",
          "start": "2010-01-01",
          "value": 114.844888354
        },
        {
          "end": "2011-12-31",
          "label": "2011",
          "period": "2011-12-31",
          "start": "2011-01-01",
          "value": 119.897266803
        },
        {
          "end": "2012-12-31",
          "label": "2012",
          "period": "2012-12-31",
          "start": "2012-01-01",
          "value": 117.302980663
        },
        {
          "end": "2013-12-31",
          "label": "2013",
          "period": "2013-12-31",
          "start": "2013-01-01",
          "value": 117.340747677
        },
        {
          "end": "2014-12-31",
          "label": "2014",
          "period": "2014-12-31",
          "start": "2014-01-01",
          "value": 124.939035427
        },
        {
          "end": "2015-12-31",
          "label": "2015",
          "period": "2015-12-31",
          "start": "2015-01-01",
          "value": 116.386650269
        },
        {
          "end": "2016-12-31",
          "label": "2016",
          "period": "2016-12-31",
          "start": "2016-01-01",
          "value": 101.543407405
        },
        {
          "end": "2017-12-31",
          "label": "2017",
          "period": "2017-12-31",
          "start": "2017-01-01",
          "value": 96.5396659103
        },
        {
          "end": "2018-12-31",
          "label": "2018",
          "period": "2018-12-31",
          "start": "2018-01-01",
          "value": 100.659611598
        },
        {
          "end": "2019-12-31",
          "label": "2019",
          "period": "2019-12-31",
          "start": "2019-01-01",
          "value": 93.4613150891
        },
        {
          "end": "2020-12-31",
          "label": "2020",
          "period": "2020-12-31",
          "start": "2020-01-01",
          "value": 90.8862820513
        },
        {
          "end": "2021-12-31",
          "label": "2021",
          "period": "2021-12-31",
          "start": "2021-01-01",
          "value": 98.024798333
        },
        {
          "end": "2022-12-31",
          "label": "2022",
          "period": "2022-12-31",
          "start": "2022-01-01",
          "value": 81.9979489758
        },
        {
          "end": "2023-12-31",
          "label": "2023",
          "period": "2023-12-31",
          "start": "2023-01-01",
          "value": 80.8403321654
        },
        {
          "end": "2024-12-31",
          "label": "2024",
          "period": "2024-12-31",
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "value": 84.3193190315
        },
        {
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "label": "2025",
          "period": "2025-12-31",
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "value": 89.2163523702
        }
      ],
      "period_convention": "Years as labelled by the OECD (usually calendar years; some countries report financial years)",
      "source_label": "Total economy | Total economy | Purchasing Power Parities for actual individual consumption | Currency | National currency per US dollar | Non transformed data | Table 001 - Exchange rates and PPPs",
      "title": "United Kingdom",
      "unit": "index"
    },
    {
      "attributes": {
        "COUNTERPART_SECTOR": "S1",
        "FREQ": "A",
        "INSTR_ASSET": "F21",
        "SECTOR": "S1",
        "TABLE_IDENTIFIER": "T001",
        "TRANSACTION": "PPP_P41",
        "TRANSFORMATION": "N",
        "UNIT_MEASURE": "XDC_USD",
        "country": "Canada",
        "country_code": "CAN"
      },
      "frequency": "annual",
      "id": "price-level.CAN",
      "notes": [],
      "observations": [
        {
          "end": "1990-12-31",
          "label": "1990",
          "period": "1990-12-31",
          "start": "1990-01-01",
          "value": 105.91922686
        },
        {
          "end": "1991-12-31",
          "label": "1991",
          "period": "1991-12-31",
          "start": "1991-01-01",
          "value": 109.499915338
        },
        {
          "end": "1992-12-31",
          "label": "1992",
          "period": "1992-12-31",
          "start": "1992-01-01",
          "value": 102.685727003
        },
        {
          "end": "1993-12-31",
          "label": "1993",
          "period": "1993-12-31",
          "start": "1993-01-01",
          "value": 96.0356192756
        },
        {
          "end": "1994-12-31",
          "label": "1994",
          "period": "1994-12-31",
          "start": "1994-01-01",
          "value": 90.0343640095
        },
        {
          "end": "1995-12-31",
          "label": "1995",
          "period": "1995-12-31",
          "start": "1995-01-01",
          "value": 88.8809387626
        },
        {
          "end": "1996-12-31",
          "label": "1996",
          "period": "1996-12-31",
          "start": "1996-01-01",
          "value": 88.7673979591
        },
        {
          "end": "1997-12-31",
          "label": "1997",
          "period": "1997-12-31",
          "start": "1997-01-01",
          "value": 87.0802933415
        },
        {
          "end": "1998-12-31",
          "label": "1998",
          "period": "1998-12-31",
          "start": "1998-01-01",
          "value": 81.6624817577
        },
        {
          "end": "1999-12-31",
          "label": "1999",
          "period": "1999-12-31",
          "start": "1999-01-01",
          "value": 81.5831541255
        },
        {
          "end": "2000-12-31",
          "label": "2000",
          "period": "2000-12-31",
          "start": "2000-01-01",
          "value": 81.674828362
        },
        {
          "end": "2001-12-31",
          "label": "2001",
          "period": "2001-12-31",
          "start": "2001-01-01",
          "value": 78.2907207975
        },
        {
          "end": "2002-12-31",
          "label": "2002",
          "period": "2002-12-31",
          "start": "2002-01-01",
          "value": 77.837071264
        },
        {
          "end": "2003-12-31",
          "label": "2003",
          "period": "2003-12-31",
          "start": "2003-01-01",
          "value": 87.5131244134
        },
        {
          "end": "2004-12-31",
          "label": "2004",
          "period": "2004-12-31",
          "start": "2004-01-01",
          "value": 93.3123642685
        },
        {
          "end": "2005-12-31",
          "label": "2005",
          "period": "2005-12-31",
          "start": "2005-01-01",
          "value": 99.8926865912
        },
        {
          "end": "2006-12-31",
          "label": "2006",
          "period": "2006-12-31",
          "start": "2006-01-01",
          "value": 108.533030075
        },
        {
          "end": "2007-12-31",
          "label": "2007",
          "period": "2007-12-31",
          "start": "2007-01-01",
          "value": 113.716730941
        },
        {
          "end": "2008-12-31",
          "label": "2008",
          "period": "2008-12-31",
          "start": "2008-01-01",
          "value": 116.568845839
        },
        {
          "end": "2009-12-31",
          "label": "2009",
          "period": "2009-12-31",
          "start": "2009-01-01",
          "value": 111.193962515
        },
        {
          "end": "2010-12-31",
          "label": "2010",
          "period": "2010-12-31",
          "start": "2010-01-01",
          "value": 122.483746929
        },
        {
          "end": "2011-12-31",
          "label": "2011",
          "period": "2011-12-31",
          "start": "2011-01-01",
          "value": 128.526835264
        },
        {
          "end": "2012-12-31",
          "label": "2012",
          "period": "2012-12-31",
          "start": "2012-01-01",
          "value": 127.71429858
        },
        {
          "end": "2013-12-31",
          "label": "2013",
          "period": "2013-12-31",
          "start": "2013-01-01",
          "value": 123.777419897
        },
        {
          "end": "2014-12-31",
          "label": "2014",
          "period": "2014-12-31",
          "start": "2014-01-01",
          "value": 115.215338897
        },
        {
          "end": "2015-12-31",
          "label": "2015",
          "period": "2015-12-31",
          "start": "2015-01-01",
          "value": 101.04677405
        },
        {
          "end": "2016-12-31",
          "label": "2016",
          "period": "2016-12-31",
          "start": "2016-01-01",
          "value": 92.5556062658
        },
        {
          "end": "2017-12-31",
          "label": "2017",
          "period": "2017-12-31",
          "start": "2017-01-01",
          "value": 95.1736449255
        },
        {
          "end": "2018-12-31",
          "label": "2018",
          "period": "2018-12-31",
          "start": "2018-01-01",
          "value": 95.1068745765
        },
        {
          "end": "2019-12-31",
          "label": "2019",
          "period": "2019-12-31",
          "start": "2019-01-01",
          "value": 94.7056549138
        },
        {
          "end": "2020-12-31",
          "label": "2020",
          "period": "2020-12-31",
          "start": "2020-01-01",
          "value": 91.283917644
        },
        {
          "end": "2021-12-31",
          "label": "2021",
          "period": "2021-12-31",
          "start": "2021-01-01",
          "value": 94.8201458357
        },
        {
          "end": "2022-12-31",
          "label": "2022",
          "period": "2022-12-31",
          "start": "2022-01-01",
          "value": 90.0987664755
        },
        {
          "end": "2023-12-31",
          "label": "2023",
          "period": "2023-12-31",
          "start": "2023-01-01",
          "value": 86.6614712547
        },
        {
          "end": "2024-12-31",
          "label": "2024",
          "period": "2024-12-31",
          "start": "2024-01-01",
          "value": 85.9995910498
        },
        {
          "end": "2025-12-31",
          "label": "2025",
          "period": "2025-12-31",
          "start": "2025-01-01",
          "value": 85.2655664163
        }
      ],
      "period_convention": "Years as labelled by the OECD (usually calendar years; some countries report financial years)",
      "source_label": "Total economy | Total economy | Purchasing Power Parities for actual individual consumption | Currency | National currency per US dollar | Non transformed data | Table 001 - Exchange rates and PPPs",
      "title": "Canada",
      "unit": "index"
    },
    {
      "attributes": {
        "COUNTERPART_SECTOR": "S1",
        "FREQ": "A",
        "INSTR_ASSET": "F21",
        "SECTOR": "S1",
        "TABLE_IDENTIFIER": "T001",
        "TRANSACTION": "PPP_P41",
        "TRANSFORMATION": "N",
        "UNIT_MEASURE": "XDC_USD",
        "country": "Singapore",
        "country_code": "SGP"
      },
      "frequency": "annual",
      "id": "price-level.SGP",
      "notes": [],
      "observations": [
        {
          "end": "2017-12-31",
          "label": "2017",
          "period": "2017-12-31",
          "start": "2017-01-01",
          "value": 75.4138711371
        },
        {
          "end": "2018-12-31",
          "label": "2018",
          "period": "2018-12-31",
          "start": "2018-01-01",
          "value": 76.4116182622
        },
        {
          "end": "2019-12-31",
          "label": "2019",
          "period": "2019-12-31",
          "start": "2019-01-01",
          "value": 74.2551082792
        },
        {
          "end": "2020-12-31",
          "label": "2020",
          "period": "2020-12-31",
          "start": "2020-01-01",
          "value": 73.2180364155
        },
        {
          "end": "2021-12-31",
          "label": "2021",
          "period": "2021-12-31",
          "start": "2021-01-01",
          "value": 74.3943912949
        }
      ],
      "period_convention": "Years as labelled by the OECD (usually calendar years; some countries report financial years)",
      "source_label": "Total economy | Total economy | Purchasing Power Parities for actual individual consumption | Currency | National currency per US dollar | Non transformed data | Table 001 - Exchange rates and PPPs",
      "title": "Singapore",
      "unit": "index"
    }
  ],
  "source": {
    "id": "derived",
    "landing_url": "https://nzinnumbers.co.nz/methodology",
    "licence": {
      "attribution": "Calculated by NZ in Numbers from the source datasets listed; please also credit those sources.",
      "checked_on": "2026-10-10",
      "evidence": "Our own calculations, released under CC BY 4.0. Input data keep their own licences (see inputs).",
      "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)",
      "reuse": "open-licence",
      "status": "confirmed",
      "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
    },
    "name": "NZ in Numbers calculation",
    "organisation": "NZ in Numbers"
  },
  "title": "Cost of living compared: price levels in NZ and other countries",
  "topic": "cost-of-living"
}